WEBVTT
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Let me make an analogy
between programs and recipes.
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A program is a lot like a recipe.
Each one is a list of steps to be-
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-carried out with rules for
how to tell when you're done-
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-or when to go back. At
the end there's a certain result.
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If you cook you probably
exchange recipes with your friends-
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-and you probably change recipes too.
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If you've made changes and you,
and your friends, like eating it-
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-then you might give them
the changed version of the recipe.
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Imagine a world where you
can't change the recipe-
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-because somebody has gone
out of his way to make it impossible.
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And imagine that if you share
the recipe they will call you a pirate-
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-and try to put you in prison for years.
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I use the word "hacker" in its
correct and original sense to describe-
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-someone who pursues computer
programming as an artistic passion-
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-and who also is part of or
identifies with the hacker culture-
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-which is historically programmers who
produced the Internet, Linux and WWW.
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I guess you have to be a hacker
to understand the specific mindset-
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-that is to rebel against the idea that
the OS source code should be withheld.
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This open source attitude doesn't mix
smoothly with the free market economy.
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It's also a threat to the traditional concepts
of copyright and intellectual property.
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Companies like Microsoft that base
their business on closed source code-
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-have tactively molded
free software into an image-
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-of a monster of almost
McCarthian proportions.
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All this made up one of the strangest
success stories of the 1990's-
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-epitomized by the community's
gifted leader and invaluable icon.
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He planted the seed for a movement
whose ramifications continue to spread.
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Linus Torvalds has created a
computer system that has struck-
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-the whole industry with amazement.
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Linux - an operating system that now
runs 8 million of the world's computers.
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Wired Magazine : "He is a shaman
on par with Väinämöinen-
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-and his operating system Linux is
the Internet's most brilliant masterpiece".
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Torvald's decision to distribute
Linux for free and reveal-
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-its underlying source code
has made him a cult figure.
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Linus Torvalds, the computer genius
who dreams of defeating Microsoft,-
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-actually Bill Gates. How's it going?
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There are those who say that
Linus Torvalds has achieved a-
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-miracle.
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The worker ants are constantly
in contact with each other by modems-
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-releasing code, encouraging
feedback on modifications-
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-to create the best possible
operating system in the world.
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San Jose, California
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I didn't want anybody else to have
to go through the same thing I had-
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-to find something like Linux. Maybe
some other computer science student-
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-needs his own operating system and
he doesn't have to start from scratch.
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It wasn't a fight against the windmills.
It wasn't Don Quixote against the world-
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-trying to make a better place.
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Come, come. Do you want food?
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I much prefer working with people
over email than face to face.
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Else you tend to get into all these
meaningless arguments and details.
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Over email you have to think a bit
before you send off a reply.
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Just because we aren't at the same
place doesn't mean that we aren't-
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-together in a social sense. It's like one
very, very large shared office.
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We even have our arguments over
the Internet in the same kind of way.
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This is a huge project. There's never
been a software project that I know of-
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-that's been worked on by so many
people from so many disperse places-
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-to put this all together.
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The most innovative thing about
the Linux community is not its-
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-source code but the social
machine that developed around it.
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What Linux is...?
I suppose I would say...
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Every computer is different,
every floppy disk drive is different-
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-every hard disk is different,
every video controller is different...
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Linux is the thing that knows how
to make all these different parts-
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-do the simple tasks
like "write my file to the disk" or-
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-"read this file off this floppy I have",
or "draw this image on the screen".
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Linux knows how to talk to
these different pieces of hardware-
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-to make them do the common
operations that we need computers to do.
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What do we mean when we say "Linux"?
Some mean the whole operating system-
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-on which everything that
happens in a computer weighs.
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Some say "Linux", pinpointing the single
most important program - the kernel.
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It has to go back to the person
who started it. To the person who-
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-somehow used the net to create
a community of people-
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-who all felt that their
contributions were being valued.
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That ability to foster cooperation
could very well be something-
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-that can only come from a
person raised in a country like Finland.
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Helsinki, Finland
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1969 - it seems to
have been such a good year.
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The moon landing, Woodstock, the birth
of ARPANET, that led to Internet.
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The first steps of UNIX, the
operating system for big computers-
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-and on December 28
Linus Torvalds is born.
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All children learn primarily
through playing.
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For that reason I think it was
very important for Linus to enter-
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-the computer world when computers
still were simple enough even for a-
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-10-12 year old boy to understand
what was inside this machine.
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In today's world there's so
many layers of information and-
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-complicated stuff between that which
is shown on the computer screen-
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-and that which is inside the machine.
It's difficult for the children of today-
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-to play their way to the insight
the same way Linus did.
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I think it was love at first
sight both for my father and for-
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-Linus who together were childishly
excited, both of them, to try-
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-the possibilities that VIC-20 offered.
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The place where Linus developed
Linux is no longer-
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-because the walls have
been torn down.
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Here in the corner where the couch is
is where Linus' desktop and computer,-
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-that he worked on, used to be.
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The biggest change is that he
nowadays is a stand up-guru-
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-because he is used to perform in front
of an audience and he can handle them.
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That might not be surprising, but still
striking when compared with how-
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-he actually was: relatively shy and
withdrawn, and not the one who-
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-got in touch, but his friends were
the ones who kept in touch with him.
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Hello everybody out there using MINIX.
I'm doing a free operating system.
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Just a hobby. Won't be big
and professional-
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-like "GNU" for 386 and 486
AT clones.
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This has been brewing since
April and is starting to get ready.
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I'd like any feedback on things
people like or dislike in MINIX-
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-as my OS resembles it somewhat.
Any suggestions are welcome-
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-but I won't promise I'll actually
implement them.
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torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi
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1991 - The Soviet Union closes down.
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The Gulf War.
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The British physicist
Tim Berners-Lee-
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-releases a hypertext system,
calling it the "World Wide Web".
00:11:14.000 --> 00:11:19.000
Microsoft is well on the way
for world domination.
00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:26.000
And on September 17
Linus Torvalds sends the first-
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-version of Linux, 0.01,
to the world, via Internet.
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The first responses arrive
within hours.
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"Linux was invented here"
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"University of Helsinki"
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We first heard whispers
in the cafeteria-
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An operating system was being
developed and started to spread.
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We learned to know Linus better.
00:12:12.500 --> 00:12:18.500
His programming skills had
already been noted here.
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Linus based Linux on UNIX,
because of its basic ideals.
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The original UNIX operating system
had been created by Ken Thompson-
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-and Dennis Ritchie
at AT&T's Bell Labs in 1969.
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UNIX was in the beginning a
relatively free operating system-
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-and very popular in
the university circles.
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The philosophy is
based on two notions:
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Firstly, everything is a file.
00:12:59.000 --> 00:13:04.000
Secondly, when you build something
you write things that are for a single-
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-purpose but to
do that purpose well.
00:13:11.900 --> 00:13:16.900
Putting Linux on the net
was kind of natural in many ways.
00:13:17.000 --> 00:13:22.900
There were a lot of small reasons.
Like the fact that I thought it was-
00:13:23.000 --> 00:13:29.000
-a good idea to make Linux available to
others so that they could try it out-
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-and send comments back to me.
00:13:33.000 --> 00:13:36.000
He really had two choices.
He could make it completely free-
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-or he can try and charge for it.
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Linux would not exist if he
had tried to make profit out of it.
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Nobody would have bought it.
It would have been a dead end.
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You haven't been here for a while.
We've already installed the third version...
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We had difficulties to fit
Linux-stuff into one computer.
00:14:06.500 --> 00:14:11.500
At first Linus didn't want to
release Linux for free.
00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:18.000
He was thinking hard about
what kind of copyright he would use.
00:14:23.000 --> 00:14:30.000
I persuaded him to release it
under the GNU copyright.
00:14:30.500 --> 00:14:35.500
Especially, as the compiler I
used was released under the GPL-
00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:40.000
-I eventually ended
up using the GPL myself.
00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:50.000
The "GNU General Public License" (GPL)
funded by the Free Software Foundation-
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-in the mid 1980's says that
if you change and modify the code-
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-you have to make your changes
and improvements freely available.
00:15:01.500 --> 00:15:05.500
The GPL hinders any one person
to have a monopoly-
00:15:06.000 --> 00:15:09.000
-over an important
piece of technology.
00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:14.000
I think the timing was good. Even
just a year earlier I don't think it-
00:15:14.500 --> 00:15:21.500
-could've been done, and a year later
someone would've done something similar.
00:15:22.000 --> 00:15:26.000
The Internet hadn't gotten
to the general population-
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-but it was getting very strong
in university networks.
00:15:34.000 --> 00:15:38.000
I'd done a mailing list program
in the "C" programming language-
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I had to expand it
and add features.
00:15:42.000 --> 00:15:47.000
Rapidly thousands of
people were interested.
00:15:47.500 --> 00:15:51.500
It was a surprise. The numbers
doubled in short intervals.
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It was crazy. After 1000 people
2000, the next day 4000 people.
00:16:00.000 --> 00:16:06.000
Without Internet Linux development
would've been like chess by mail.
00:16:11.000 --> 00:16:17.000
My name of choice was "FREAX".
00:16:17.500 --> 00:16:23.500
Which was both "free", "freak"
plus the "X" that you need for UNIX.
00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:30.000
I didn't like the name FREAX.
It wasn't very commercial...
00:16:30.500 --> 00:16:36.500
Ari Lemmke, who actually put Linux up for
FTP, thought that it really was a bad idea.
00:16:37.000 --> 00:16:41.000
He really hated the name. He
made the FTP site available and just-
00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:45.000
-called it Linux because
that was the working name.
00:16:46.000 --> 00:16:53.000
The name stuck, and Linux
is a much better name...
00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:57.000
"GEEKS"
00:16:57.500 --> 00:16:59.500
"NERDS"
00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:03.000
We have an impressive
set of geeks and nerds here.
00:17:03.500 --> 00:17:09.500
The first question from the easy category:
"How do you pronounce Linux?"
00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:15.000
Well, I pronounce Linux as "Linux".
00:17:15.500 --> 00:17:21.500
However, the total answer
to that is if you're Linus Torvalds-
00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:25.000
-you probably pronounce
it "Leenux". On the other hand,-
00:17:25.100 --> 00:17:28.000
-if you come from the west
coast of the United States-
00:17:28.500 --> 00:17:33.500
-you pronounce it as "Lynix". And Linus
said he doesn't care how you pronounce it-
00:17:34.000 --> 00:17:38.000
-as long as you just use it!
00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:43.000
It was in July of 1991-
00:17:43.500 --> 00:17:48.500
-which was shortly after Linus had
released the 0.09 version of the kernel-
00:17:49.000 --> 00:17:54.000
-that I started playing with Linux.
Heard about it on, I think, Usenet.
00:17:54.500 --> 00:17:57.500
Downloaded it from Finland,
started playing with it-
00:17:58.000 --> 00:17:59.900
-and thought it was really neat!
00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:04.000
At that point there was very
limited trans-Atlantic Internet bandwidth-
00:18:04.500 --> 00:18:10.500
-so it was very painful to down-
load all these packages from Finland.
00:18:11.000 --> 00:18:14.000
And so I decided: "Well, we
need to do something about this"-
00:18:14.500 --> 00:18:21.500
-and I used my personal workstation,
"TSX-11.mit.edu"-
00:18:22.000 --> 00:18:27.000
-and I set up a mirror archive of all the
kernel sources on my private workstation.
00:18:27.500 --> 00:18:33.500
And that was the first US
Linux FTP site that came into existence.
00:18:35.000 --> 00:18:40.000
The first time I got Linux was I
downloaded the floppy images for Linux-
00:18:40.500 --> 00:18:45.500
-and in the Penn State University computer lab
I installed it on one of their machines.
00:18:46.000 --> 00:18:49.000
They subsequently kicked me
out of the computer lab that day-
00:18:49.100 --> 00:18:52.000
-but that was my
first experience with Linux.
00:18:56.000 --> 00:19:02.000
Very early in 1992 suddenly
I didn't know everybody anymore.
00:19:02.500 --> 00:19:08.500
That it was no longer
me and a couple of friends.
00:19:09.000 --> 00:19:13.000
It was me and a couple of
hundred people who I had no idea-
00:19:14.500 --> 00:19:18.500
-where they were, what they
did with the system, and who they are.
00:19:19.000 --> 00:19:22.000
And that was a big step.
00:19:22.500 --> 00:19:24.500
University of Helsinki
00:19:28.000 --> 00:19:32.000
The 1.0 release in 1994 was certainly
important and it meant a lot to me-
00:19:32.100 --> 00:19:35.000
-just because there
was a lot of work behind it.
00:19:35.500 --> 00:19:38.500
It was certainly a landmark to
commercial use of Linux.
00:19:39.000 --> 00:19:43.000
It was really hard to use
Linux commercially before 1.0.
00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:51.000
Welcome to Linux operating
system 1.0 press conference.
00:19:51.500 --> 00:19:54.500
Why is this kind of UNIX-like
system done at all -
00:19:54.600 --> 00:19:57.500
-especially at the University of Helsinki?
00:19:59.000 --> 00:20:02.000
Because there exists, also
for PC, UNIX operating systems -
00:20:02.100 --> 00:20:04.000
-but they are very expensive.
00:20:06.500 --> 00:20:11.500
For example,
DOS costs about 200 marks.
00:20:12.000 --> 00:20:17.000
UNIX costs 20 000 marks.
00:20:17.500 --> 00:20:22.500
It's pretty much for a student to pay.
00:20:23.000 --> 00:20:29.000
Try going to a computer
shop and ask for SCU-Unix.
00:20:29.500 --> 00:20:32.500
They will look at you
as if you were mad.
00:20:33.000 --> 00:20:36.000
In fact, it is easier
to write it yourself!
00:20:39.000 --> 00:20:43.000
The development
process of Linux is odd.
00:20:43.500 --> 00:20:50.500
It's not a hierarchy, but everyone
is free to suggest changes to the code.
00:20:53.000 --> 00:20:59.000
There's one person who leads, makes the
big decisions, and chooses the best ideas:
00:20:59.500 --> 00:21:05.500
Linus - "the benevolent dictator".
00:21:06.000 --> 00:21:10.000
Everyone knew that someone
had to be the head of this work group-
00:21:10.500 --> 00:21:15.500
-and Linus was the natural head,
given that he did the original core Linux-
00:21:16.000 --> 00:21:21.000
-kernel and Linus was someone
who was a very, very good leader.
00:21:21.500 --> 00:21:24.500
He's someone who's actually quite humble.
00:21:24.600 --> 00:21:28.500
He doesn't try to take credit
for something he doesn't do.
00:21:33.000 --> 00:21:38.000
You want to have hundreds, thousands
of people working on the kernel-
00:21:38.100 --> 00:21:41.500
-at the same time. But you
don't want to have all these people-
00:21:41.600 --> 00:21:43.500
-stepping on
each other's toes all the time-
00:21:43.600 --> 00:21:48.500
-because that way most of
the time will be spent on resolving-
00:21:48.600 --> 00:21:53.500
-conflicts between people and
you just have flame wars all the time.
00:21:54.000 --> 00:21:58.000
I used to think that there was this
hierarchy where I was at the top-
00:21:58.100 --> 00:22:00.000
-and they were my lieutenants-
00:22:01.500 --> 00:22:06.500
-and I don't think it's that way
anymore. It's more like a web of trust-
00:22:07.000 --> 00:22:12.000
-where I have people I trust,
and they have people they trust.
00:22:12.500 --> 00:22:16.500
Well, there are lots of things
that motivate developers!
00:22:17.000 --> 00:22:21.000
There's artistic pride, the satisfaction that
you get from doing good craftsman-like-
00:22:21.500 --> 00:22:25.500
-work. There's the
idealist feeling of being part of-
00:22:25.600 --> 00:22:29.500
-something larger
and more important than you are.
00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.000
There's a desire to help
the world and see that solutions happen.
00:22:34.500 --> 00:22:37.500
In the absence of monetary rewards
most people, most of the time,-
00:22:37.600 --> 00:22:40.500
-are playing for a kind of
reputation reward among their peers.
00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:48.000
One strength of
the Linux development world-
00:22:48.500 --> 00:22:54.500
-is that practically every software
author can be contacted directly by email.
00:22:55.000 --> 00:23:01.000
Ted Ts'o was crucial in
the spread of Linux in the United States.
00:23:03.000 --> 00:23:06.000
To be fair, it's very easy to say:
00:23:06.100 --> 00:23:09.000
"If we were in charge
we wouldn't do these things".
00:23:09.500 --> 00:23:12.000
But then again, we're not getting
all these email messages saying:
00:23:12.100 --> 00:23:13.900
"Please, let me add this new feature!"
00:23:14.000 --> 00:23:17.000
So I don't know what I would
actually do if I were really in charge.
00:23:17.500 --> 00:23:21.500
Dave Miller is a
maintainer who reviews changes-
00:23:21.600 --> 00:23:24.500
-that developers
want to make in the kernel.
00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:32.000
He is like a funnel between
the contributors and "the king" Linus.
00:23:32.500 --> 00:23:36.500
The way that we work is...
You can talk all day about a great idea-
00:23:37.000 --> 00:23:39.000
-or a solution
to a problem, or something that-
00:23:39.100 --> 00:23:42.400
-you think is an interesting feature
for Linux to have but you gotta-
00:23:42.500 --> 00:23:47.500
-show us something concrete.
Show me a piece of code that does that.
00:23:48.000 --> 00:23:52.000
Something that's tangible that I can
test myself so I can try it out and I can-
00:23:52.500 --> 00:23:55.500
-think about what it is. Instead of just
talking abstractly about a topic all day.
00:23:56.000 --> 00:24:01.500
Alan Cox, a "renaissance hacker"
is the closest collaborator to Linus.
00:24:01.600 --> 00:24:03.900
His right hand man.
00:24:04.000 --> 00:24:07.000
"What is Alan doing...
The other side of the story"
00:24:07.500 --> 00:24:13.500
To me code has more in common
with i.e. poetry or some kinds of writing.
00:24:14.000 --> 00:24:18.000
The beauty of it is in the structure,
in putting ideas across one at a time-
00:24:18.100 --> 00:24:20.000
-in a clear way.
00:24:20.500 --> 00:24:24.500
So a good piece of code you read
without comments and it's immediately-
00:24:24.600 --> 00:24:29.000
-obvious why it's been written, how
it's elegant. So you're looking for code-
00:24:29.100 --> 00:24:34.500
-which is both clean and elegant. But also
doesn't rely on clever programming tricks,-
00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:39.000
-doesn't make assumptions
which may not be true in the future.
00:24:39.100 --> 00:24:42.500
Because the last thing we want to do
is having much code in the Linux kernel-
00:24:42.600 --> 00:24:44.900
-which requires large
amounts of effort to keep it working.
00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:50.000
We want code which will just
continue to work, and work forever.
00:24:53.000 --> 00:24:58.000
Having led the Linux project
for five years in Helsinki-
00:24:58.500 --> 00:25:02.500
-Linus was recruited to
Silicon Valley, California.
00:25:03.000 --> 00:25:07.000
He wanted to see the other side
of the world, the world of commerce,-
00:25:07.100 --> 00:25:09.000
-not just the academic side.
00:25:09.500 --> 00:25:13.500
"Edward Helmore talks to Linus Torvalds,
Silicon Valley's brightest new star"
00:25:14.600 --> 00:25:18.000
You're quite an un-orthodox figure in
the Silicon Valley world.
00:25:18.100 --> 00:25:19.400
What do they make of you there?
00:25:19.500 --> 00:25:22.500
You're not taking their
crazy commercial part, if you like.
00:26:18.000 --> 00:26:20.000
"TRANSMETA"
00:26:22.000 --> 00:26:25.000
Linus started to work for
a company called "Transmeta"-
00:26:25.500 --> 00:26:29.500
A little Linux company,
but a mysterious business-
00:26:29.600 --> 00:26:32.600
-that didn't want to tell,
for many years, what it was up to.
00:26:33.000 --> 00:26:38.000
And paradoxically a
closed source code company.
00:26:38.500 --> 00:26:43.500
The deal was that Linus could
still concentrate on developing Linux.
00:26:44.000 --> 00:26:51.000
I have been forced into trying
to be a poster boy for Linux-
00:26:51.500 --> 00:26:56.000
-and actually the whole
open source community at large,-
00:26:56.100 --> 00:27:00.100
-even though I wasn't even
the person who started open source.
00:27:04.000 --> 00:27:09.000
There's no single person that
represents the whole story-
00:27:09.500 --> 00:27:13.500
-and there's no single starting point.
I mean, it's like the bamboo:
00:27:14.000 --> 00:27:16.000
You don't know where
it starts or where it ends.
00:27:16.500 --> 00:27:20.500
I don't think that this movement
is actually new at all.
00:27:20.600 --> 00:27:22.600
It's been around for a long time.
00:27:23.000 --> 00:27:28.000
Even in the 1970's, the whole
attitude that we had around UNIX-
00:27:28.500 --> 00:27:32.500
-even though technically
it wasn't open source, it wasn't free,-
00:27:33.000 --> 00:27:37.000
-because you did need to
go get this license from AT&T.
00:27:37.500 --> 00:27:42.500
Since that was not an issue
generally, you could share things freely.
00:27:43.000 --> 00:27:48.000
When you run a program, typically
you run the executable form-
00:27:48.500 --> 00:27:53.500
-which is a series of numbers and
nobody can make any sense of them.
00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:57.000
Only a computer can understand them.
That's what they're for.
00:27:57.500 --> 00:28:02.500
Those numbers are the form of a program
that the computer can understand.
00:28:03.000 --> 00:28:07.000
For humans to figure out what they
mean is very hard. When we write software-
00:28:07.500 --> 00:28:13.500
-we write it as source code, and it
looks sort of like algebra. That's the form-
00:28:14.000 --> 00:28:17.000
-that you can
understand if you're a programmer.
00:28:17.500 --> 00:28:22.500
To help you figure out there
are usually lots and lots of comments-
00:28:23.000 --> 00:28:27.000
-which are explanations that are put into
the source code to help other people-
00:28:27.100 --> 00:28:30.400
-figure out why the
program is written the way it is.
00:28:30.500 --> 00:28:36.500
If you get just the executables, which is
what Microsoft will probably give you-
00:28:37.000 --> 00:28:42.000
-even if you had the freedom to make
changes you could never figure out-
00:28:42.100 --> 00:28:44.400
-what changes to make.
It's too hard!
00:28:44.500 --> 00:28:47.500
For the freedom to change the
software to be practical, and usable,-
00:28:47.600 --> 00:28:50.600
-you gotta have the source code.
00:28:51.000 --> 00:28:57.000
If you really look at the project...
As I said, Linus developed the kernel-
00:28:57.500 --> 00:29:01.500
-but I think that the most
interesting part here is really-
00:29:01.600 --> 00:29:03.900
-Richard Stallman began the movement.
00:29:04.000 --> 00:29:06.000
Have you heard
of Richard Stallman?
00:29:06.500 --> 00:29:10.500
He wanted everyone to have the rights
to use the software, to copy the software-
00:29:11.000 --> 00:29:14.000
-without breaking any laws.
To make changes, distribute them,-
00:29:14.100 --> 00:29:16.000
-enhance the software. He wanted to
give people rights!
00:29:16.500 --> 00:29:20.500
When he decided to overthrow corrupt
American capitalism in the IT industry-
00:29:21.000 --> 00:29:25.000
-he quit his job
and continued coding.
00:29:26.000 --> 00:29:30.000
Join us now
and share the software
00:29:30.100 --> 00:29:33.100
MIT,
Camebridge, Massachusetts
00:29:33.200 --> 00:29:37.200
You'll be free,
hackers, you'll be free
00:29:50.000 --> 00:29:56.500
I tend to think of things in terms
of justice, freedom and ethics.
00:29:57.000 --> 00:30:01.000
I announced the idea
in November 1983-
00:30:01.500 --> 00:30:06.500
-but it was in Januari 1984
that I quit my job at MIT-
00:30:07.000 --> 00:30:10.000
-to start developing
a free operating system-
00:30:10.500 --> 00:30:13.900
-to which I gave
the name "GNU".
00:30:15.000 --> 00:30:21.000
This is "GNU General Public License"
and of course the kernel is under GPL...
00:30:21.500 --> 00:30:24.900
"Free software", I should explain,
refers to freedom, not price.
00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:30.000
It's unfortunate that the word "free",
in english, is ambiguous-
00:30:30.100 --> 00:30:32.400
-it has a number
of different meanings.
00:30:32.500 --> 00:30:37.500
One of them means "zero price",
but another meaning is "freedom".
00:30:38.000 --> 00:30:44.000
So think of "free speech",
not "free beer".
00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:54.000
There's a similarity between
the folk process where a poem-
00:30:54.500 --> 00:30:58.500
-or a song or a story
can get refined and reshaped-
00:30:59.000 --> 00:31:03.000
-by one teller or singer
after another-
00:31:03.500 --> 00:31:08.500
-and the way
free software gets improved.
00:31:11.000 --> 00:31:18.000
You'll often find cases where a free
program is being developed now by-
00:31:18.500 --> 00:31:22.500
-a group of people who
include none of the original developers.
00:31:24.000 --> 00:31:28.000
In 1991 we had almost finished
the GNU system.
00:31:28.500 --> 00:31:35.500
Our goal was to make an OS, like
UNIX, but entirely free software.
00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:40.000
This complete operating system
required many different components-
00:31:40.500 --> 00:31:45.500
By 1991 we had
almost all of those components.
00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:50.000
Many of them we had written,
and many others we had found-
00:31:50.100 --> 00:31:54.100
-somebody else had written it for
his own purposes but it did the job.
00:31:54.200 --> 00:31:57.500
And so we pressed it
into service as a part of GNU.
00:31:58.000 --> 00:32:03.000
One major component was still missing:
the component called the "kernel".
00:32:03.500 --> 00:32:07.500
So it was very useful
that Linus Torvalds wrote a kernel.
00:32:08.000 --> 00:32:14.000
At that point, combining his kernel,
Linux, with the larger GNU system-
00:32:14.500 --> 00:32:18.500
-produced a complete
runnable system that-
00:32:18.600 --> 00:32:21.600
-you could actually
put onto your PC and run.
00:32:22.000 --> 00:32:29.000
So once Linux was developed
the GNU system in effect was completed!
00:32:29.500 --> 00:32:34.500
It began to catch on in
popularity, but at the same time-
00:32:34.600 --> 00:32:38.600
-an unfortunate thing happened.
The people who were using-
00:32:39.000 --> 00:32:42.000
-the GNU system didn't
realize it was the GNU system.
00:32:42.500 --> 00:32:48.500
So they began calling the
whole combination "Linux"-
00:32:49.000 --> 00:32:51.000
-and that confusion spread.
00:32:51.500 --> 00:32:55.500
As a result, it's very hard
for us in the GNU project-
00:32:56.000 --> 00:33:01.000
-to call the user's attention
to the ethical and political issues.
00:33:01.500 --> 00:33:05.500
Hoarders can
get piles of money
00:33:06.000 --> 00:33:12.000
That is true, hackers,
that is true
00:33:12.500 --> 00:33:16.500
But they cannot
help their neighbor
00:33:17.000 --> 00:33:21.000
That's not good, hackers,
that's not good
00:33:21.500 --> 00:33:27.500
Most computer science in the USA comes
traditionally from military background-
00:33:27.600 --> 00:33:29.600
-and defense spending.
00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:36.000
Perhaps it isn't any more quirky that
nowadays the "free software" movement-
00:33:36.500 --> 00:33:40.500
-finds room both for
Richard Stallman and libertarian ideals.
00:33:41.000 --> 00:33:45.000
Many saw free software also
as a new way of making money-
00:33:45.100 --> 00:33:47.100
-and needed a less radical concept.
00:33:47.500 --> 00:33:50.500
Enter: open source.
00:33:51.000 --> 00:33:53.000
"I want you to be an
open source developer"
00:33:57.000 --> 00:34:02.000
We looked at the history
of advocacy in what at the time was-
00:34:02.100 --> 00:34:05.100
-still mostly called the "free software"
movement and we concluded-
00:34:05.200 --> 00:34:06.900
-that it hadn't worked!
00:34:07.000 --> 00:34:12.000
That in fact the rhetoric and the tactics
used by Richard Stallman and the-
00:34:12.500 --> 00:34:15.500
-Free Software Foundation had left us
worse off than we were when we started.
00:34:17.000 --> 00:34:21.000
The term "open source" doesn't
really imply the political issues-
00:34:21.500 --> 00:34:26.500
-like it used to and the
"free software" term still does.
00:34:27.000 --> 00:34:30.000
There's now a second movement,
the "open source" movement-
00:34:30.500 --> 00:34:34.500
-where they consider
only the practical benefits.
00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:40.000
They refuse, and I mean
that literally... they carefully avoid-
00:34:40.500 --> 00:34:46.500
-the issues of principle, freedom, ethics
and making a good society to live in.
00:34:48.000 --> 00:34:51.000
That kind of language is
implicitly threatening to people-
00:34:51.500 --> 00:34:57.500
-whose day-to-day concerns are: "how
do I increase my shareholder value?",-
00:34:57.600 --> 00:34:59.600
-"how do I keep
control over my business?"
00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:05.000
How do I address my
actual down-to-earth problems?
00:35:05.100 --> 00:35:09.000
When you walk into their offices and say
"you should use all open source for your-
00:35:09.500 --> 00:35:15.500
-business because sharing is good
and hoarding is evil" - it doesn't work!
00:35:16.000 --> 00:35:21.000
I am not against business.
I don't believe in abolishing business.
00:35:21.100 --> 00:35:26.900
I do business myself. But I believe
business should not dominate all of life.
00:35:27.000 --> 00:35:33.000
The rules of society should not
be chosen primarily to please business.
00:35:33.500 --> 00:35:38.500
Early in 1998 the majority usage in
the community went from "free software"-
00:35:39.000 --> 00:35:45.000
-to "open source" in six weeks flat.
In the late spring or early summer of 1998.
00:35:45.500 --> 00:35:50.500
That told me that there had been huge
pent-up demand in the community-
00:35:50.600 --> 00:35:54.500
-for a way of explaining what we
were doing that was more effective.
00:35:55.000 --> 00:35:59.000
The whole attitude in the
trade press and the investor community-
00:35:59.100 --> 00:36:01.100
-completely turned around!
00:36:02.500 --> 00:36:08.500
The same people who had spent years
sneering dismissively at "free software"-
00:36:09.000 --> 00:36:13.000
-and talking about
sandal-wearing freaks with long hair...
00:36:13.500 --> 00:36:19.500
Those very same people within a year
were falling all over themselves to write-
00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:23.000
-laudatory articles about the wonders
of open source and peer review.
00:36:23.500 --> 00:36:26.500
-and this is really funny
because it was the same software-
00:36:26.600 --> 00:36:29.600
-and in most
cases the same people!
00:36:30.000 --> 00:36:33.000
"Robin Hood of the nerds"
00:36:33.500 --> 00:36:36.500
"Martin Luther, meet Linus Torvalds"
00:36:38.000 --> 00:36:43.000
Linux happened without
the help of people with deep pockets-
00:36:43.100 --> 00:36:45.100
-or even despite the help.
00:36:45.500 --> 00:36:51.500
How can we keep from destroying the
magic by pouring all this money into Linux?
00:36:52.000 --> 00:36:54.000
When Linux started
to become commercialized-
00:36:54.500 --> 00:36:59.500
-people said: "oh well, we'd like to
keep it as our own little project".
00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:02.000
"Nobody should be
making any money off it".
00:37:02.500 --> 00:37:08.500
Well, in the real world people make
money off things. The US is a capitalistic-
00:37:08.600 --> 00:37:11.600
-society and
Europe is a capitalistic society.
00:37:11.700 --> 00:37:16.900
In order for
companies to start using Linux-
00:37:17.000 --> 00:37:22.500
-they wanna have somebody sitting
there, who can give them support,-
00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:25.000
-who can sell them the hardware.
00:37:25.100 --> 00:37:31.100
And these people who sell this hardware
and support are going to make money.
00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:37.000
Not everyone
of us is a hacker.
00:37:37.500 --> 00:37:43.500
Actually, very few of us would take the
effort to download Linux from the net.
00:37:44.000 --> 00:37:49.000
Even fewer will tackle with the
code itself in order to improve it.
00:37:49.500 --> 00:37:53.500
Though, Linux was
hard to use, customers valued strongly-
00:37:53.600 --> 00:37:57.600
-its reliability
and open source code.
00:37:58.000 --> 00:38:03.000
There was an opportunity
for companies with new visions.
00:38:09.000 --> 00:38:11.000
"Red Hat"
00:38:13.000 --> 00:38:16.000
For Red Hat, it wasn't
important that we ship a better-
00:38:16.100 --> 00:38:19.100
-operating system than
Microsoft's or Sun Microsystems'-
00:38:19.200 --> 00:38:22.500
It becomes really important
that we ship an operating system-
00:38:22.600 --> 00:38:25.600
-that solves a problem for our
customers that they cannot solve-
00:38:25.700 --> 00:38:29.700
-using the traditional
proprietary "binary only" software.
00:38:30.500 --> 00:38:33.500
We were recognizing
what we were doing was we were-
00:38:33.600 --> 00:38:35.900
-building technology
and then giving it away!
00:38:36.000 --> 00:38:39.000
So we said: "Well, how do
you make money doing this?"
00:38:40.500 --> 00:38:43.500
Of course, we would go to California,
to Silicon Valley, and everyone said:
00:38:43.600 --> 00:38:46.600
"Well, you cannot make
money in the software business-
00:38:46.700 --> 00:38:49.400
-by giving your technology away".
00:38:49.500 --> 00:38:53.500
We would come back and talk to our
customers and we realized the only thing-
00:38:53.600 --> 00:38:57.900
-that kept our customers loyal
was that we did give away our technology.
00:38:58.000 --> 00:39:03.000
For the very first time they had control
over the technology they're using.
00:39:03.100 --> 00:39:07.100
The real value in most software products
is the active maintainence down the line-
00:39:07.200 --> 00:39:10.200
-the continuing support
relationship between the vendor and you.
00:39:11.000 --> 00:39:14.000
That's what gives software
fundamentally the characteristics of-
00:39:14.500 --> 00:39:17.500
-the service industry rather
than the manufacturing industry.
00:39:20.500 --> 00:39:24.000
Linux is flourishing in the
Internet server appliance area.
00:39:25.500 --> 00:39:29.500
But because there has not been an
easy-to-use software for home users-
00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:34.000
-it has only a small
margin of the desktop market.
00:39:35.500 --> 00:39:41.500
The GNOME project, with its
graphical interface tries to fill that gap.
00:39:43.500 --> 00:39:49.000
But hacker elitism
still seems to follow Linux.
00:39:51.000 --> 00:39:54.000
Do you see who's here?
It's a penguin!
00:39:54.800 --> 00:39:57.500
-It's Tux, actually...
-Hi, Tux!
00:39:59.000 --> 00:40:03.000
When Linus Torvalds makes
millionaires and billionaires-
00:40:03.100 --> 00:40:09.000
Bill Gates' hair turns grey...
00:40:11.000 --> 00:40:13.000
Microsoft has a very traditional model:
00:40:13.100 --> 00:40:17.000
They make closed source code,
they put it on a CD, they sell that.
00:40:17.500 --> 00:40:20.500
They take on all the
burden of development themselves.
00:40:20.600 --> 00:40:22.500
Everything goes back through them.
00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:28.000
Once you're in that business
it's very hard to change your culture.
00:40:28.500 --> 00:40:32.500
It's very hard to change your business
to one where you cooperate.
00:40:35.000 --> 00:40:39.000
It's easier to make money
off closed source products-
00:40:39.500 --> 00:40:43.500
-if you don't need, or
you have the huge market share.
00:40:44.000 --> 00:40:47.000
So, for example, Microsoft
does not have a huge incentive-
00:40:47.100 --> 00:40:50.000
-to open source
their code right now.
00:40:50.500 --> 00:40:53.500
And it would probably cut
into their profits, so I don't think-
00:40:53.600 --> 00:40:55.500
-they're gonna do it,
or at least not willingly.
00:40:56.000 --> 00:41:01.000
There's algorithms that you
may in fact want to keep proprietary.
00:41:01.500 --> 00:41:04.500
For example, I know of certain
compression algorithms that companies-
00:41:04.600 --> 00:41:07.500
-have put a lot of work into.
For things like streaming media.
00:41:08.000 --> 00:41:11.000
And they don't want people
to know how they do that -
00:41:11.100 --> 00:41:13.000
-because it's exactly how they
do that that's the value of the product.
00:41:18.000 --> 00:41:23.000
Fighting between Linus,
who's the leader of Linux, and-
00:41:23.100 --> 00:41:27.000
-Bill Gates who's the leader of Microsoft.
00:41:27.100 --> 00:41:30.000
It becomes
really personal.
00:41:33.000 --> 00:41:38.000
Next, for our bizarre question:
"Whose lips are these?"
00:41:40.000 --> 00:41:45.000
As an answer:
Bill Gates' lips telling another lie...
00:41:52.000 --> 00:41:56.000
The acceptance of Linux has
been helped enormously by the fact-
00:41:56.500 --> 00:42:01.500
-that people have known that
Linux exists through the news.
00:42:02.000 --> 00:42:08.000
The "David versus Goliath" story helped
there, but I don't think it's particularly true.
00:42:08.100 --> 00:42:13.000
"Microsoft's Ballmer
claims Linux is communism"
00:42:16.000 --> 00:42:18.000
-You are a socialist...?
00:42:18.100 --> 00:42:20.000
-That's one of the labels
that people put on me.
00:42:20.100 --> 00:42:21.100
-Is that true?
00:42:22.000 --> 00:42:26.000
It's not a secret that I was a
left wing radical in the late 1960's.
00:42:27.000 --> 00:42:34.000
Students' UN organization was
behind most demonstrations.
00:42:36.000 --> 00:42:40.000
My personal belief system is
more one of personal honour.
00:42:40.500 --> 00:42:47.500
I don't care what anybody else does...
I want to do what I feel is right.
00:42:48.000 --> 00:42:55.000
Linus keeps a very strict
distance to politics.
00:42:56.000 --> 00:43:00.000
I think he suffered slightly
in his earliest childhood-
00:43:01.000 --> 00:43:06.000
-as his father was so active politically.
00:43:06.100 --> 00:43:10.000
It is also about
having a social conscience-
00:43:10.500 --> 00:43:15.500
-and if you call that socialism
then, yeah, I guess I'm socialist...
00:43:17.000 --> 00:43:24.000
He is radical within a very restricted
area, where he sets the limits himself.
00:43:24.500 --> 00:43:31.500
He is very reluctant
to take part in fuzzy political discourse-
00:43:32.000 --> 00:43:36.000
-and there's the difference
between the pragmatist-
00:43:36.500 --> 00:43:41.500
-who wants to work with concrete
stuff and not let the steam-
00:43:42.000 --> 00:43:49.000
-go out through his ears,
like we used to do in the 1960's.
00:43:52.000 --> 00:43:56.000
This is a community. You can take
but you must give back!
00:43:56.500 --> 00:43:59.500
I am very pleased to
announce to you today-
00:43:59.600 --> 00:44:03.100
-the winner of this year's
IDG/Linus Torvalds award is: Debian.
00:44:07.000 --> 00:44:13.000
It's good that the Linux community has
been fairly positive towards new things,-
00:44:13.100 --> 00:44:15.100
-including the commercial aspects.
00:44:15.200 --> 00:44:19.200
Hi, I'm from Brazil, and
I'd like to know what can we do-
00:44:19.300 --> 00:44:21.300
-to bring you to Brazil in May next year?
00:44:21.500 --> 00:44:24.500
-Hey, are you coming to the
VA party wednesday night?
00:44:24.600 --> 00:44:26.600
-I will almost certainly
be there, yes. But I need to go now...
00:44:27.000 --> 00:44:31.000
-I'm hearing that you're going shooting?
-You come with us, man!
00:44:31.100 --> 00:44:32.100
-Nooo...
00:44:40.000 --> 00:44:44.300
A lot of communities worry that these big
enterprises, these big commercial vendors-
00:44:44.400 --> 00:44:46.400
-are not going to be able to
give back to the community.
00:44:46.500 --> 00:44:53.500
The thing is that people expect other
people to be nice and take care of things-
00:44:53.600 --> 00:44:57.600
-and I don't think that is true,
and I don't think that it should be true-
00:44:57.700 --> 00:45:04.500
-and I think that the power of Linux
is that even if nobody else helps you-
00:45:04.600 --> 00:45:09.600
-an inch of the way, you
still have your own copy of Linux-
00:45:09.700 --> 00:45:13.400
-and you still have your own
power to do whatever you want...
00:45:13.500 --> 00:45:17.900
I want to avoid the politics of Linux.
00:45:18.000 --> 00:45:25.000
I want to be somebody that everybody
agrees is a nice guy and he doesn't bite!
00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:30.000
-One last question?
-Sure!
00:45:31.500 --> 00:45:32.500
-I'm from India.
00:45:32.600 --> 00:45:34.900
Do you get a lot of developers
from India contributing to the kernel?
00:45:35.000 --> 00:45:36.000
Not that many.
00:45:36.100 --> 00:45:39.900
What is the message that you would like
to give them so that you get more of them.
00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:43.000
I think one of the
problems is just infrastructure.
00:45:43.100 --> 00:45:47.200
They don't even necessarily have Internet
access, or have very slow access.
00:45:47.600 --> 00:45:54.600
I think that people are maybe not used
to do this collaboration on the Internet.
00:45:54.700 --> 00:45:56.000
They're kind of nervous, right?
00:45:56.100 --> 00:45:59.600
Any message you wanna give them to
motivate them to get more developers?
00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:05.000
I don't know what the issues are in
India, but there are going to be issues.
00:46:05.100 --> 00:46:09.100
Like local issues that
Indians want to be able to do things-
00:46:09.200 --> 00:46:14.200
-that the American
continent doesn't care about at all.
00:46:15.000 --> 00:46:19.000
And I think that's really
motivational when somebody says:
00:46:19.100 --> 00:46:22.500
"Hey, I can solve this!
I can make my own version of Linux-
00:46:23.000 --> 00:46:27.000
-and it will be better
for me as an Indian or whatever person".
00:46:27.500 --> 00:46:33.500
And that's how you should be motivated,
and whatever I say you should not care!
00:46:39.000 --> 00:46:41.000
Thank you very much!
00:46:41.100 --> 00:46:46.500
-You come down to India next time...
-I will try to...
00:46:48.000 --> 00:46:51.000
Do you want to take a
picture for a Dutch magazine?
00:46:52.000 --> 00:46:55.000
Are you planning on
coming to the Netherlands?
00:46:57.000 --> 00:47:04.000
The real value of Linux may be some-
where else than knocking Microsoft out.
00:47:06.000 --> 00:47:11.000
Linux was designed to run on a cheap
hardware and to solve common problems.
00:47:13.000 --> 00:47:18.500
If you are poor it is a
real alternative, free of charge.
00:47:19.000 --> 00:47:24.000
The Linux project started
in Europe and the United States.
00:47:24.500 --> 00:47:28.500
But now, free software
allows it to find ever more-
00:47:28.600 --> 00:47:31.000
-new programmers
from new sources-
00:47:32.000 --> 00:47:36.000
-from regions where
computing is still in its infancy.
00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:43.000
Beijing, China
00:47:46.000 --> 00:47:51.000
China is behind the developed
countries in the IT industry.
00:47:51.500 --> 00:47:54.500
The gap is big and
we try to catch up as fast we can.
00:47:54.600 --> 00:47:58.500
During this we have to borrow
from other countries' experiences.
00:47:59.000 --> 00:48:02.000
We put a great importance
on the operating system.
00:48:02.500 --> 00:48:06.500
We did some
development work based on UNIX-
00:48:07.000 --> 00:48:10.000
Due to tight market control
we were not able to succeed.
00:48:10.500 --> 00:48:13.500
Linux provides us
with a very good opportunity
00:48:13.600 --> 00:48:18.500
-and a base to learn
from advanced technology.
00:48:19.000 --> 00:48:24.000
"The Chinese Red Army
delighted with Linux"
00:48:27.000 --> 00:48:33.000
I think that this is the greatest
transfer of wealth we may have ever seen-
00:48:33.100 --> 00:48:37.100
-between the industrialized
rich north, and put Europe and-
00:48:37.200 --> 00:48:42.200
-the United States together
in that, and the third world!
00:49:01.000 --> 00:49:05.000
It's the open source.
00:49:05.500 --> 00:49:10.500
I think this is
important to many people.
00:49:11.000 --> 00:49:16.000
I like philosophy, and I like to analyze
matters from a philosophic perspective.
00:49:16.500 --> 00:49:20.500
The open source is in
accordance with the spirit of science-
00:49:21.000 --> 00:49:24.000
-the free and unrestricted
access to information.
00:49:24.500 --> 00:49:27.500
Nothing should be hidden.
That's my first impression of Linux.
00:49:34.000 --> 00:49:38.000
The spirit could be
expanded to other fields.
00:49:38.500 --> 00:49:44.500
I never feel that this
only applies in the computer field.
00:49:46.000 --> 00:49:52.000
You have one of the most privileged
classes in capitalism: programmers!
00:49:52.100 --> 00:49:55.100
They can make so much
money from working as programmers-
00:49:55.200 --> 00:49:58.400
-that they have the time
to devote to their own hobbies.
00:49:58.500 --> 00:50:02.000
Programmers like Alan Cox,
they could name their price!
00:50:02.500 --> 00:50:05.500
Here are these people who
are at the top of the heap, and through-
00:50:05.600 --> 00:50:09.600
-the structure of transfer of intellectual
property they've come up with,-
00:50:09.700 --> 00:50:12.700
-they're transferring that wealth.
00:50:12.800 --> 00:50:15.800
It is socialism in action,
even if the libertarians-
00:50:15.900 --> 00:50:20.900
-are horrified
whenever that is mentioned.
00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:40.000
Open source projects have been
compared to the way science is created.
00:50:40.100 --> 00:50:42.500
Science in itself
doesn't make money-
00:50:43.000 --> 00:50:48.000
The wealth comes as
the result of applications.
00:50:49.000 --> 00:50:53.000
For the open source
hackers developing Linux-
00:50:53.100 --> 00:50:59.000
-has traditionally been a science-
like voluntary project. A hobby.
00:51:01.000 --> 00:51:05.500
Eventually, the best
Linux hackers were enlisted.
00:51:06.000 --> 00:51:12.500
In 1999, during the dot-com boom,
some of the Linux companies went public.
00:51:13.000 --> 00:51:17.500
Wall Street announced record-
breaking value for Linux stock.
00:51:18.000 --> 00:51:22.000
Of course it didn't last,
but for a period of time-
00:51:22.100 --> 00:51:26.500
-some Linux hackers
were filthy rich - on paper.
00:51:28.000 --> 00:51:32.000
Just about everyone who
was a core developer before-
00:51:32.100 --> 00:51:35.100
-all this whoopla about people
making money doing Linux-
00:51:35.200 --> 00:51:39.500
-have kept to their
values in taking these jobs.
00:51:40.000 --> 00:51:44.000
Most of the ones I keep in contact with,
have a very crucial position and are-
00:51:44.100 --> 00:51:47.400
-pretty much doing all of the Linux work
they were doing before they had the job-
00:51:47.500 --> 00:51:53.500
-with the same levels of freedom, as well.
I still got changes from people every day-
00:51:54.000 --> 00:52:00.000
-I still submitted them to Linus, the
same way I always did before the IPO.
00:52:01.000 --> 00:52:05.000
Some of us are driving nicer cars than
beforehand. That's the only difference.
00:52:05.100 --> 00:52:08.100
Maybe we're eating
a little bit more sushi.
00:52:09.000 --> 00:52:13.400
There are some people who got lucky,
joined the right company at the right time.
00:52:13.500 --> 00:52:20.500
Managed to participate in the IPO
lottery and there are some people who-
00:52:21.000 --> 00:52:25.000
-got millions of dollars, and there are
some people who got billions of dollars!
00:52:25.100 --> 00:52:30.100
Did those people actually contribute more
to the company than those other people?
00:52:30.200 --> 00:52:33.200
In some cases they just
happened to contribute the right-
00:52:33.300 --> 00:52:35.300
-amount of investment
money at the right time.
00:52:35.400 --> 00:52:39.500
I think that's a generic problem that's
not unique to the open source community.
00:52:41.000 --> 00:52:45.000
I don't know if we actually
have a good solution for that.
00:52:47.000 --> 00:52:51.000
Part of what I like about
Silicon Valley is just that it's so dynamic,-
00:52:51.100 --> 00:52:53.100
-and you can do anything here.
00:52:53.200 --> 00:52:58.200
And even the money-grabbing
approach. Even if it's slightly tasteless-
00:52:58.300 --> 00:53:03.000
-especially when you come from Europe,
it's a really good motivational factor.
00:53:03.500 --> 00:53:07.500
It's a really good way
of getting things done.
00:53:08.000 --> 00:53:12.000
Has it changed me?
I assume so.
00:53:12.500 --> 00:53:16.500
I'm not the same
person I was when I moved-
00:53:17.000 --> 00:53:23.000
-but I don't think it's made me all that
more money-conscious than I used to be.
00:53:29.000 --> 00:53:33.000
2001 - Imagined by Stanley Kubrick.
00:53:33.500 --> 00:53:38.500
In the most ambitious and
grotesque PR stunt in history-
00:53:39.000 --> 00:53:44.000
-suicide hijackers blitz America
with far-reaching consequences.
00:53:44.500 --> 00:53:48.500
IT recession
affects also open source.
00:53:49.000 --> 00:53:54.000
No longer does Linus have to act
in public all the time as an enlightened-
00:53:54.100 --> 00:54:00.500
-philosopher ruler, harassed by the media.
With the coolness of Linux still intact-
00:54:01.000 --> 00:54:04.000
-the phenomenon
disappears into gadgets.
00:54:04.100 --> 00:54:09.900
Invisible pieces of technology for
households and entertainment industry.
00:54:10.000 --> 00:54:16.000
Gradually, many of us turn into
Linux users when the code infiltrates-
00:54:16.100 --> 00:54:20.500
-our clocks, toasters
and mobile phones.
00:54:21.000 --> 00:54:27.000
As for bigger ideals, it could be one of the
greatest missed opportunities of our times-
00:54:27.500 --> 00:54:33.500
-if free software
liberated nothing but code.
00:54:43.000 --> 00:54:47.000
There's no question that
development of technology-
00:54:47.100 --> 00:54:50.100
-is just going to make
Linux obsolete at some point.
00:54:50.200 --> 00:54:54.500
The question is just:
"How long will it take?"
00:55:02.000 --> 00:55:07.000
Will it be in 5 years, or
15 years or will it be 50 years?
00:55:07.100 --> 00:55:11.500
I think one of the powers of
open source is that in 50 years-
00:55:12.000 --> 00:55:16.000
-the next operating system
that's the best at the time-
00:55:16.500 --> 00:55:22.500
-will be able to take advantage
of the source base that Linux had.
00:55:23.000 --> 00:55:27.000
The source code itself is
going to be the memory of Linux-
00:55:27.500 --> 00:55:31.900
-and people can always
use that as a kind of blueprint.
00:55:32.000 --> 00:55:37.000
But there's more in that.
There's also the intangible issues-
00:55:37.100 --> 00:55:41.500
-about why things
were designed a certain way.
00:55:41.600 --> 00:55:48.000
I think those are out
there even if I weren't out there...
00:55:57.000 --> 00:56:00.000
The Code - Story of Linux ©2001